Commonwealth of the Philippines - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

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Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines,

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The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people. Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent

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The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective after independence until 1973, and was self-governing although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and Laws passed by the legislature affecting immigration, foreign trade, and

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and the post–World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate

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For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the

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or the Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th of July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.

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The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II.

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1935 Constitution, Article XIII, section 3 "The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official

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the currency system had to be approved by the United States president. Despite maintaining ultimate sovereignty, in some ways the US Government treated the Commonwealth as a sovereign state, and the Philippines sometimes acted in a state capacity in international relations.

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independence. Provisions of the law included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. When it reached him for a possible signature, President

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This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that

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Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the

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The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth", or simply as "the Commonwealth". Its official name in Spanish, the other of the Commonwealth's two official languages, was

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On June 21, he reappeared in another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946, regarding the Philippine lands. They are the

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vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law over Hoover's objections. The bill, however, was opposed by then-Philippine Senate President

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1084:). The 1935 Constitution uses "the Philippines" as the country's short-form name throughout its provisions and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions. Under the2363:, was closed down on December 24, 1941. It was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Forces when they occupied the city on January 2, 1942. Elsewhere in the country, other military posts of the PCA in113:

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on December 8, 1941. When advancing Japanese forces threatened Manila, President Quezon, other senior officials of the Commonwealth government, and senior American military commanders relocated to

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on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President

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3001:. On February 20, Quezon, his family, and senior officials of the Commonwealth government were evacuated from the island by submarine on the first leg of what came to be a relocation of the1045:

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The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the

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as the second Philippine President, who took control over all Filipino forces after American soldiers captured President Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.

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Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines

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and the liberation forces. After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence.

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The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense (such as the

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and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence. Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.

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as the basis for the national language. This was made official on December 30, 1937, in an executive order which became effective two years after issuance.

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was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the

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In 1939, a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303; of these 15.7 million were counted as "

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to prevent its destruction, and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the

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program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.

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system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. As a result, an

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under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop

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was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382. The act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julián Felipe.

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Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General

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5243:"Message of President Roxas to the Second Congress on urging ratification of Executive Agreement with the USA, June 21, 1946"5226:

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As per the 1935 constitution, the commonwealth had two official languages: English and Spanish. Due to the diverse number of

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The Commonwealth government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the

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In 1946, the Commonwealth ended, and the Philippines attained full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the

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and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the

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regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao.

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A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to the Japanese invasion and

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State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism

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Capital held by enemy forces between December 24, 1941, and February 27, 1945. Temporary capitals were

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Tomb of President Quezon and his wife Aurora at Museo ni Quezon, Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City

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July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the

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Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand

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Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile

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2352:. Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president.2217:

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and grammar book for the language. In that same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing

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were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.

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Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas

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development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects

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movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or

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Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the

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The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies

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The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies

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During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral

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The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each president at Election Day.

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The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937

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During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong

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The national language was only made an official language upon independence, in 1946

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PROCLAMING THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE OF THE PHILIPPINES BASED ON THE "TAGALOG" LANGUAGE

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A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941–1949 Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers

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The Philippines belonged to, but were not a part of, the United States. See the

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Reports of General MacArthur: The campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I

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However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in

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Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives

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Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives

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Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives

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of 1916, which uses "Philippines" and "Philippine Islands" interchangeably.

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until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces in May 1942.

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During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong

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Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

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at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at

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Some sources assert that an English version written by Mary A. Lane and

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the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command. After the

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and re-established from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, during the

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in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.

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was spoken by 26.3% of the population, according to the 1939 Census.

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4074:"The Battle of Malaya | The Japanese Invasion of Malaya as a Case S"4737:"Did you know: 1st national elections in PH held on Sept. 16, 1935"2936:

in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of

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General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines

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assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator

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The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines 1941–1945

4916:"Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, Rescuer Of Jews"3247:

End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated.

2302:, which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an2193:

on March 25, 1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.

1001:

that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the

5888:

4248:

3099:. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the2959:

In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S.

1321:

6176:

5567:

5277:, Philippine Historical Association, New Day Publishers, 2000,3493:, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government, archived from3344:

3342:

2294:

on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the

2721:, all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected1142:

4975:

Valor of Many Stripes: Remarkable Americans in World War II

4177:

4175:

4173:

5443:

A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898–1998

3448:

Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (February 23, 2006).

2406:. These efforts eventually liberated all but 12 of the 484429:"American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901–1941)"3547:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 19612653:

Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages:

2336:

Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to

4339:"Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence"3747:

3745:

2344:

in Washington, D.C. This government participated in the

7229:

Military history of the Philippines during World War II

5438:"American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901–1941"5399:

Roces; Luna, Juan Luis Z Jr; Arcilla, Reynaldo (1986),

2279:

Military history of the Philippines during World War II

1016:

and a supreme court. Its legislature, dominated by the

3119:. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.2520:

An example of these clashes includes one initiated by

2386:. This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular.2243:

for service in the country), greater control over the

3454:. Springer Science & Business Media. p.68.2569:

In 1940, the government authorized the creation of a

4797:"Manuel L. Quezon | Presidential Museum and Library"4423:

4421:

2133:: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right:1028:

and its surrounding provinces – as the basis of the

7214:

Former regions and territories of the United States

7053:

6938:

6763:

6638:

6509:

6445:

6318:

6251:

6220:

6211:

5200:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

4771:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

4235:"Chapter X Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines"4042:

Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

3776:. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935.3614:

3612:

3610:

2509:held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the852:

730:

693:

675:

651:

634:

621:

604:

591:

578:

563:

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528:

511:

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397:

381:

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357:

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333:

319:

300:

261:

251:

230:

186:

167:

34:

4341:. Philippine Headline News Online. February 2004.3487:Executive Order No.134 (December 30, 1937),3210:

3074:Roxas administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946)2577:to become an official language upon independence.2562:. In 1937. after deliberations, the body selected2452:winning as the first president of the independent2110:1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election5292:Agoncillo, Teodoro A; Guerrero, Milagros (1970),5011:National Historical Commission of the Philippines4194:Sinclair, II, Major Peter T. (December 1, 2011),4141:

4139:

4130:

4106:

4094:

3959:

3300:National Historical Commission of the Philippines2756:, was restored, replacing the National Assembly.2375:engaged in military action against the Japanese.5960:and other inhabited territories governed by the5355:The Philippines, a Study in National Development5170:"Manuel Roxas | Presidential Museum and Library"5071:"40 Years Later, Memories of Macarthur's Return"4412:

4393:

3082:Manuel Roxas, last president of the Commonwealth2966:, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of2940:filed a bill seeking instead to declare General2392:continued in the Philippines. This included the2254:, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future2200:were held. Candidates included former president1044:level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. A4624:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.37–40.3895:

3893:

3891:

3889:

3887:

3885:

3591:. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from3585:"Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt"4464:. United States Department of Commerce. 1941.3716:. U.S.: Oxford University Press. p.204.1114:History of the Philippines §Commonwealth7194:States and territories disestablished in 19466188:

5579:

4706:"A History of Plebiscites in the Philippines"3764:

3762:

3760:

3400:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp.27–29.3294:Uckung, Peter Jaynul V. (September 7, 2012).2084:

1089:

1073:

53:

40:

4700:

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4696:

4694:

4431:. Filipinas Heritage Library. Archived from2952:, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator2185:A Constitutional Convention was convened in2177:This led to the creation and passing of the1007:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands775:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands5230:, vol.42, July 1946, pp.1625–284455:"Statistical Abstract of the United States"3901:"Philippines, The period of U.S. influence"3713:Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation3683:, Santa Barbara: University of California,3675:Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935),3573:. Philippine Constitution Association. 19657239:States and territories established in 19356935:

6769:

6644:

6506:

6451:

6324:

6217:

6195:

6181:

6173:

5586:

5572:

5564:

5040:"Sergio Osmeña | president of Philippines"3624:, Philippines: St. Scholastica's College,2480:U.S. recognized Philippine independence on2359:(PCA), located on the military station in2091:

2077:

1117:

156:

31:

7249:1946 disestablishments in the Philippines5547:, Philippines: Government, archived from5485:The Present Government of the Philippines5140:"Manuel Roxas | president of Philippines"4855:"OPINION: The vice-presidency: a briefer"4822:Villegas, Bernardo (September 18, 2015).4644:

4564:. John Benjamins Publishing. p.61.4530:. John Benjamins Publishing. p.27.4118:

1543:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization7219:Governments in exile during World War II4284:

4282:

4045:, The corpus juris, 1935, archived from3091:as the Senate President and Congressman2771:

4325:

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3971:

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3480:

3478:

3260:

3177:

1282:Historically documented states/polities1152:

1131:

1120:

866:

527:

229:

7244:1935 establishments in the Philippines7204:Former countries in Philippine history7199:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)6006:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands5249:from the original on November 18, 20204656:

4233:; Prange, Gordon W. (June 20, 2006) .4212:from the original on September 3, 20143840:from the original on December 28, 20133710:Castro, Christi-Anne (April 7, 2011).2727:United States House of Representatives2435:was placed on active service with the2283:Japanese occupation of the Philippines1110:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)7224:History of United States expansionism5176:from the original on November 4, 20125034:

5032:

4803:from the original on October 26, 20124716:from the original on December 5, 20064599:from the original on January 21, 20204471:from the original on February 1, 20164060:

3995:from the original on October 16, 20073911:from the original on February 5, 20073687:from the original on November 1, 20083662:

3394:Roger M. Thompson (January 1, 2003).3357:

3355:

3268:Roces, Alejandro R. (June 11, 2009).3103:of the Congress to deliver his first2390:Resistance to the Japanese occupation2355:The main general headquarters of the1095:

1079:

949:, from May 13, 1942, to October 1944;633:

620:

603:

590:

577:

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464:

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434:

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27:Former territory of the United States7:

6157:

5533:Philippines: Polity Style: 1897–20095402:RR Philippine almanac: book of facts5017:from the original on October 7, 20154496:. Infobase Publishing. p.107.4314:

3522:from the original on October 3, 20173134:Political history of the Philippines3024:. His body was later carried by the2987:Japanese invasion of the Philippines2918:first national presidential election2916:In 1935 Quezon won the Philippines'295:Indigenous Philippine folk religions7234:Philippines–United States relations5544:The Commonwealth of the Philippines5488:(book), Filipiniana, archived from5206:from the original on March 24, 20195150:from the original on March 27, 20195120:from the original on March 27, 20195108:Mercado, Juan (September 2, 2012).5089:from the original on March 27, 20195050:from the original on August 2, 20174953:from the original on March 27, 20194941:Tan, Michael L. (August 17, 2018).4922:from the original on March 27, 20194914:Katz, Deborah (November 14, 2018).4895:from the original on March 27, 20194865:from the original on March 27, 20194834:from the original on March 27, 20194777:from the original on March 27, 20194747:from the original on March 27, 20194255:from the original on April 26, 20183941:from the original on March 12, 20073861:Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)3808:from the original on April 30, 20093518:. Presidential Museum and Library.3035:in 1979, his remains were moved to2752:, consisting of a Senate, and of a2332:in Washington, D.C., while in exile2212:, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and5611:Organized incorporated territories5371:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990),4679:from the original on March 3, 20164593:"Constitutions of the Philippines"4021:from the original on June 11, 20114015:"Text of the Tydings-McDuffie Act"3864:, The corpus juris, archived from3628:from the original on April 5, 20093421:Christian Mair (January 1, 2003).3215:Tooltip Public Law (United States)25:

5374:Philippine History and Government5274:Philippine Legislature, 100 Years4972:Baron, Scott (January 14, 2019).4345:from the original on June 9, 20123780:from the original on May 27, 20203545:"Manuel Quezon historical marker"3160:Filipino Repatriation Act of 19353047:Osmeña administration (1944–1946)3031:and re-interred in Manila at the2901:Quezon administration (1935–1944)1483:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi1196:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens7163:

7162:

7151:

6156:

6147:

6146:

5958:United Nations trust territories5595:Territories of the United States5514:: House of David, archived from5459:The Philippines: A Unique Nation5069:Lohr, Steve (October 20, 1984).3730:from the original on May 2, 20143129:Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)3097:House of Representatives Speaker3003:Commonwealth government in exile2743:Field Marshal of the Philippines2505:During the Commonwealth period,2478:The Commonwealth ended when the2258:, and in the economy due to the2060:

836:

814:

781:

763:

141:

112:

92:

85:

7189:Commonwealth of the Philippines6012:American Concession in Shanghai5352:Hayden, Joseph Ralston (1942),3012:and spent his last years in a "2548:, a provision calling for the "2464:Independence of the Philippines1054:Japan occupied the Commonwealth971:Commonwealth of the Philippines810:Philippine Executive Commission36:Commonwealth of the Philippines6018:American concession of Tianjin5310:——— (2001),5295:History of the Filipino People4413:Roces, Luna & Arcilla 19864394:Roces, Luna & Arcilla 19864243:. Center of Military History.3989:Encyclopædia Britannica Online3589:Bureau of Elementary Education3325:Official Gazette (Philippines)3151:Philippines Organic Act (1916)3058:, president from 1944 to 19462912:, president from 1935 to 19442501:Land reform in the Philippines2470:Independence Day (Philippines)1889:2000 campaign against the MILF1394:Laguna Copperplate Inscription1248:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery1:

5415:, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.),4292:. DLSU-Manila. Archived from4131:Agoncillo & Guerrero 19704107:Agoncillo & Guerrero 19704095:Agoncillo & Guerrero 19703960:Agoncillo & Guerrero 19703828:"The Philippine Commonwealth"3296:"Music for the National Soul"3221:; approved on March 24, 1934.3144:Philippine Organic Act (1902)3113:Philippine Rehabilitation Act2997:, and Manila was declared an2956:with nearly 82% of the vote.2495:Uprisings and agrarian reform2350:Declaration by United Nations2206:Philippine Independent Church2170:and was also rejected by the2156:with the premise of granting1553:Battles of La Naval de Manila890:article for more information.717:

700:

6662:Business process outsourcing5626:U.S. territorial sovereignty5418:Philippines: A Country Study4735:INQUIRER.net (May 9, 2016).2926:President of the Philippines2437:Philippine Commonwealth Army2357:Philippine Commonwealth Army2237:National Defense Act of 19351404:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik721:

708:

371:•1942–1945 (in exile)172:Unincorporated and organized5411:Seekins, Donald M. (1993),4558:Thompson, Roger M. (2003).4524:Thompson, Roger M. (2003).4152:. Clarendon Press. p.3372:: Rodopi. pp.479–82.3199:Philippine Independence Act3105:state of the nation address3039:within the monument at the3022:Arlington National Cemetery2950:1941 presidential elections2460:winning as vice president.2454:Republic of the Philippines2256:Republic of the Philippines1894:2nd People Power Revolution1884:1997 Asian financial crisis1618:Declaration of Independence713:

704:

162:1939 map of the Philippines7267:

5876:Unincorporated territories4824:"My Lolo Miguel, the hero"4618:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).3321:"Commonwealth Act No. 382"3139:History of the Philippines2498:

2474:Republic Day (Philippines)2467:

2380:Second Philippine Republic2276:

2107:

1623:American capture of Manila1107:

793:Second Philippine Republic7134:

6772:

6647:

6454:

6327:

6142:

6044:

6027:

5970:

5953:

5884:

5871:

5634:

5601:

4885:"MLQ's colorful language"4493:Immigration and Migration3270:"Celebrating our freedom"2830:

2818:

2813:

2810:

2807:

2802:

2800:

2797:

2786:

2777:

2733:does today). An American2555:Surián ng Wikang Pambansà2300:U.S. Army Forces Far East2292:attack on the Philippines1503:Spanish capture of Manila1075:Commonwealth de Filipinas979:Mancomunidad de Filipinas862:

742:

647:

559:

489:

461:

447:

407:

393:

329:

155:

128:

100:Flag of the United States81:

69:

42:Mancomunidad de Filipinas6566:House of Representatives6459:Administrative divisions5944:Northern Mariana Islands5007:"Museo ni Manuel Quezon"4670:"The Yamash*ta Standard"4595:. The ChanRobles Group.4017:. The ChanRobles Group.3931:"Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act"3362:Mair, Christian (2003).2991:invasion of Batan Island2754:House of Representatives1963:Administrative divisions1678:American colonial period1598:Republic of Biak-na-Bato1434:Butuan Silver Paleograph1419:Batanes Ijang fortresses1362:Sultanate of Maguindanao1233:Cordillera Rice Terraces1052:from 1942 to 1945, when991:unincorporated territory538:House of Representatives5457:Zaide, Sonia M (1994),5144:Encyclopedia Britannica5110:"Boasting of ancestors"5044:Encyclopedia Britannica4853:III, Manuel L. Quezon.4146:Talmon, Stefan (1998).3935:Encyclopædia Britannica3905:Encyclopædia Britannica3770:"The 1935 Constitution"3427:. Rodopi. p.480.3149:Jones Law (Philippines)2433:Philippine Constabulary2196:On September 16, 1935,1858:People Power Revolution1638:Philippine–American War1472:Spanish colonial period945:Government-in-exile in938:Government-in-exile in911:from February 22, 1942;905:from December 24, 1941;364:Francis Bowes Sayre Sr.231:Officiallanguages104:Flag of the Philippines18:Philippine Commonwealth7158:Philippines portal6702:Science and technology5331:Gin Ooi, Keat (2004),4490:Bailey, Rayne (2009).4231:Willoughby, Charles A.3985:"Tydings-McDuffie Act"3236:Saranac Lake, New York3204:June 11, 2011, at the3165:Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act3155:Treaty of Paris (1898)3083:

3059:

3041:Quezon Memorial Circle2982:

2913:

2618:", 50.5 thousand as "2614:", 141.8 thousand as "2446:war in the Philippines2418:

2382:, headed by President2333:

2198:presidential elections2154:Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act2150:United States Congress2145:

2123:

2067:Philippines portal2043:Science and technology1660:UST Baybayin Documents1608:Treaty of Paris (1898)1186:Austronesian expansion1171:Early hominin activity1147:

1091:Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas1090:

1074:

987:Komonwelt ng Pilipinas986:

978:

955:from October 20, 1944.942:, Australia, in April;215:14.59583°N 120.97722°E55:Komonwelt ng Pilipinas54:

41:

7113:Sport and martial art6534:Executive departments5616:Territorial evolution5436:Weir, Fraser (1998),5405:, Ramon Roces y Pardo4741:newsinfo.inquirer.net4371:. MSU. Archived from3836:, November 16, 1935,3497:on September 24, 20213184:See for example, the3081:

3054:

3033:Manila North Cemetery3008:Quezon suffered from2980:

2908:

2723:Resident Commissioner2626:", 19.3 thousand as "2622:", 29.1 thousand as "2468:Further information:2416:

2330:Franklin D. Roosevelt2324:

2269:during World War II.2191:Franklin D. Roosevelt2139:Franklin D. Roosevelt2129:

2117:

1988:Cultural achievements1812:Filipino First policy1802:Mutual Defense Treaty1756:Philippine resistance1588:Philippine Revolution1548:Spanish–Moro conflict1538:Revolts and uprisings1424:Golden Tara of Agusan1146:

1040:recovered to its pre-1036:was adopted, and the6978:Fashion and clothing6819:Environmental issues6746:Water and sanitation6588:Regional Trial Court6433:World Heritage Sites5492:on February 12, 20095413:"Historical Setting"4947:opinion.inquirer.net4889:Manila Bulletin News4290:"Philippine History"3868:on February 26, 20093567:"Constitutional Law"3117:Philippine Trade Act2546:Philippine languages2290:launched a surprise2239:, which organized a2225:Legislative Building2179:Tydings–McDuffie Act2048:World Heritage Sites1914:Territorial disputes1817:North Borneo dispute1807:Hukbalahap Rebellion1771:Philippines campaign1766:Battle of Leyte Gulf1746:Battle of Corregidor1721:Tydings–McDuffie Act1613:Battle of Manila Bay1603:Spanish–American War1211:Precolonial barangay1097:[pɪlɪˈpinɐs]1081:[filiˈpinas]1003:Tydings–McDuffie Act665:United States dollar568:Tydings–McDuffie Act6968:Cultural properties6734:Tourist attractions6286:Japanese occupation6036:uninhabited islands5938:U.S. Virgin Islands5551:on October 28, 20204435:on January 29, 20074375:on October 10, 20073937:(onlineed.).3907:(onlineed.).3327:. September 5, 19383274:The Philippine Star2429:amphibious landings2346:Pacific War Council1909:Philippine drug war1871:Contemporary period1838:Communist rebellion1736:Japanese occupation1701:Military Government1655:Doctrina Christiana1563:Propaganda Movement1518:Spanish East Indies1508:Battle of Bangkusay1454:Magellan expedition1372:Sultanates of Lanao1367:Sultanate of Buayan582:Government-in-exile220:14.59583; 120.97722211: / 180:Government-in-exile136:The Philippine Hymn74:Government-in-exile6983:Historical markers6841:Indigenous peoples6717:Telecommunications6496:Political families6337:Biosphere reserves5075:The New York Times4296:on August 22, 20064063:, pp.317–18.3962:, pp.345–3463833:The New York Times3621:Timeline 1930–19393595:on August 16, 20163571:Philconsa Yearbook3084:

3060:

2983:

2914:

2808:November 15, 19352765:List of presidents2419:

2334:

2218:Nacionalista Party2146:

2124:

2122:of the Philippines2120:Manuel Luis Quezon1711:Insular Government1696:Zamboanga Republic1593:Tejeros Convention1583:Cry of Pugad Lawin1568:1872 Cavite mutiny1276:Precolonial period1216:Maritime Silk Road1191:Angono Petroglyphs1163:Prehistoric period1148:

1086:Insular Government1048:took place during1024:– the language of1018:Nacionalista Party921:Buenos Aires, Bago738:right (after 1945)736:left (before 1945)7176:

7175:

7130:

7129:

7126:

7125:

7040:Traditional games6875:Income inequality6858:Human trafficking6759:

6758:

6722:Telephone numbers6634:

See Also

Callie Khouri - Knowledge (XXH)

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2,353,5182666:: 3,068,5652660:: 4,620,6852152:passed the1973:Archaeology1968:Agriculture1848:Martial law1832:(1965–1986)1786:(1946–1965)1680:(1898–1946)1665:Velarde map1650:Boxer Codex1474:(1565–1898)1263:Shell tools1238:Grave goods1133:History of909:Iloilo City857:Philippines748:Preceded by694:Date format595:Restoration541:(1945–1946)532:Lower house524:(1945–1946)515:Upper house507:(1945–1946)501:(1935–1941)494:Legislature291:Sunni Islam278:Catholicism218: /206:120°58′38″E182:(1942–1945)177:(1935–1946)107:(1935–1946)72:1942–1945:7183:Categories7093:Great Seal7030:Psychology6993:Literature6988:Inventions6787:Corruption6782:Censorship6657:Automotive6518:Executive6511:Government6369:Ecoregions6261:Prehistory6253:Chronology5836:Department5779:Washington4462:census.gov4076:. p.4061:Zaide 19943844:October 1,3663:Zaide 19943649:, p.3551:August 16,3501:August 30,3331:January 3,3305:January 3,3279:January 3,3255:References2778:President2701:Government2694:Pangasinan2676:Hiligaynon2571:dictionary2527:Sakdalista2499:See also:2395:Hukbalahap2338:Corregidor2312:Corregidor2267:occupation2118:President2108:See also:1924:Bangsamoro1830:Marcos era1761:Hukbalahap1439:Piloncitos1278:(900–1565)1042:Depression314:dependency301:Government203:14°35′45″N7023:Festivals7008:Mythology6920:Squatting6915:Sexuality6885:Languages6807:Education6751:ZIP codes6600:Air Force6549:President6469:Elections6423:Volcanoes6396:Mountains6320:Geography6243:Political6221:Overviews5988:1950–19725982:1945–19505914:1935–19465908:1901–19355902:1898–19015850:1912–19595848:Territory5844:1884–19125838:1867–18845767:1850–19125765:Territory5761:1846–18505750:Minnesota5732:Wisconsin5726:1890–19075724:Territory5720:1850–18905718:Panhandle5714:1834–19075708:Oklahoma5669:Louisiana5645:Southwest5639:Northwest5522:April 19,5210:March 27,5180:March 27,5154:March 27,5124:March 27,5093:March 27,5083:0362-43315054:March 27,5021:March 27,4957:March 27,4926:March 27,4899:March 27,4869:March 27,4838:March 27,4807:March 27,4781:March 27,4751:March 27,4710:Arab News4315:Weir 19983467:April 15,3440:April 15,3413:April 15,3186:Jones Law3028:Princeton3026:USS2999:open city2711:executive2696:: 573,7522690:: 621,4552684:: 920,0092640:Americans2634:, 30,0002588:Subic Bay2533:haciendas2408:provinces2328:visiting2304:open city2298:into the2158:Filipinos2018:Languages2008:Geography1998:Education1983:Conflicts1716:Jones Law1644:Artifacts1578:Katipunan1513:New Spain1181:Tabon Man1165:(pre-900)1014:executive989:) was an940:Melbourne927:Oroquieta676:Time 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