Joseph Stilwell - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

1153:, and the unit's regimental and battalion level surgeons, had urgently recommended for the entire 5307th to be relieved of duty and returned to rear areas for rest and recovery. By then, most of the men had fevers and continual dysentery, forcing the men to cut the seats out of their uniform trousers to fire their weapons and relieve themselves simultaneously. Stilwell rejected the evacuation recommendation but made a front line inspection of the Myitkyina lines. He then ordered all medical staff to stop returning combat troops suffering from disease or illness but to return them to combat status by using medications to keep down fevers. The feelings of many Marauders towards Stilwell were summed up by one soldier, who stated, "I had him in my sights. I coulda' squeezed one off and no one woulda' known it wasn't a Jap who got that son of a bitch."918:, for instance, estimates that 60%–70% of Chiang's Nationalist conscripts did not make it through their basic training, with 40% deserting and the remaining 20% dying of starvation before their full induction into the military. Eventually, Stilwell's belief that Chiang's and his generals were incompetent and corrupt reached such proportions that Stilwell sought to cut off lend-lease aid to China. Stilwell, while attending the Cairo Conference, received a perceived and verbal order to plan an assassination of Chiang. Stilwell discussed this with his Aide, Col. Frank Dorn. Both were baffled, nevertheless, Stilwell delegated that task to Dorn. It was planned but was never carried out.5642:

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910:, "Peanut" being originally intended as a code word for Chiang in official radio messages. On the contrary, the term "Peanut" was first mentioned during Stilwell's flight to the CBI Theater in March 1942. Col. Willard Wyman, a member of Stilwell's staff on that flight mentioned Chiang "...is like a peanut perched on top of a dung heap...". Chiang repeatedly expressed his pent-up grievances against Stilwell for his "recklessness, insubordination, contempt, and arrogance" to U.S. envoys to China and was angry at his obsession with going on the offensive in Burma when East China was falling into Japan's hands.1161:

from his personal diary contained "Boy, will this burn up the Limeys!"). Later, Stilwell blamed the length of the siege partly on British and Gurkha Chindit forces for not promptly responding to his demands to move north in an attempt to pressure Japanese troops, but the Chindits themselves had suffered grievous casualties in several fierce pitched battles against Japanese troops in the Burmese jungles, along with losses from illness and combat exhaustion. Stilwell also had not kept his British allies clearly informed of his force movements or coordinated his offensive plans with those of General Slim.

1018:, but Calvert was so sickened by demands on his troops that he considered abusive that switched off his radios and withdrew to Stilwell's base. A court-martial was likely until Stilwell and Calvert met in person, the latter being ready to trade punches. Stilwell finally appreciated the conditions under which the Chindits had been operating, apologized by blaming his staff officers for not receiving correct information, and allowed him and his men to withdraw. He finally said to Calvert, "You and your boys have done a great job. I congratulate you". Stilwell also awarded number of medals including a525:

services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, 4th Army Corps, during the St. Mihiel offensive, and later during the operations in the Woevre, Lieutenant Colonel Stilwell displayed military attainments of a high order. With great energy and zeal he pursued the developments of the enemy activities on the corps front, securing invaluable information which assisted in a marked degree to the planning of the operations. He contributed by the excellent performance of his task to the success of the operations.

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fight the Japanese in the China-Burma-India theater (CBI). Stilwell argued that the CBI was the only area with the possibility for the Allies to engage large numbers of troops against their common enemy, Japan. Unfortunately, the huge airborne logistical train of support from the US to British India was still being organized, and supplies being flown over the Hump were barely sufficient to maintain Chennault's air operations and replace some of the Chinese war losses, let alone equip and supply an entire army.

1216:; quickly overran Chennault's forward air bases; and proved Stilwell to be correct. By then, Allied supply efforts via the Hump airlift were steadily improving in tonnage supplied per month. With the replacement of Chinese war losses, Chennault now saw little need for a ground offensive in northern Burma to reopen a ground supply route to China. Augmented with increased military equipment and additional troops and concerned about defense of the approaches to India, British authorities now sided with Stilwell.775:

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involved committing Chinese forces to do-or-die engagements or if Chinese troops were removed from his immediate control to bases in India. Mitter viewed Chiang as correct in attempting to husband China's resources after the serious losses in 1937 to 1941. Mitter also supported the view that Chennault could have accomplished much more if Stilwell had not diverted a large proportion of lend-lease equipment to the Chinese troops in India. Mitter factored in the impact of the collaborationist

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1372:] sank back with a sigh. The harpoon hit the little bugger right in the solar plexus and went right through him. It was a clean hit, but beyond turning green and losing his powers of speech, he did not bat an eye." The British journalist Jonathan Fenby wrote about Roosevelt's letter, "Unless the President was ready for America to take over effective control of China, or halt Lend-Lease supplies and abandon the KMT to its fate, his stern words merely amounted to bluff."333:. He spent the majority of his tenure striving for a 90-division army trained by American troops and equipped with American lend-lease and fighting to reclaim Burma from the Japanese. His efforts led to friction with Chiang who viewed troops not under his immediate control as a threat and who saw the Chinese communists as a greater rival than Japan. An early American popular hero of the war for leading a column walking out of Burma pursued by the victorious433:. Under the discretion of his father, Stilwell was then placed into a postgraduate course and immediately formed a group of friends whose activities ranged from card playing to stealing the desserts from the senior dance in 1900. The last event in which an administrator was punched led to the expulsions and suspensions for Stilwell's friends. Meanwhile, since he had already graduated, Stilwell was once again by his father's guidance sent to attend the2102:

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1130:. In support of that objective, the Marauders were ordered to undertake a long flanking maneuver towards the town that involved a grueling 65-mile jungle march. Having been deployed since February in combat operations in the jungles of Burma, the Marauders were seriously depleted, suffered from both combat losses and disease, and lost additional men en route to the objective. A particularly devastating scourge was a severe outbreak of2010:

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1201:, Chennault proposed a limited air offensive against the Japanese in China in 1943 by using a series of forward air bases. Stilwell insisted that the idea was untenable and that any air campaign should not begin until fully fortified air bases, supported by large ground forces, had been established. Stilwell then argued for all air resources to be diverted to his forces in India for an early conquest of northern Burma.2129:

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significant numbers of well-equipped Japanese troops, who were steadily being reinforced. A preliminary attack on the town by two Chinese regiments was thrown back with heavy losses. The Marauders did not have the manpower to overwhelm Myitkyina and its defenses immediately. When additional Chinese forces had arrived in a position to attack, the Japanese forces totaled some 4,600 fanatical Japanese defenders.

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1223:, Allied troops under Stilwell's command launched the long-awaited invasion of northern Burma. After heavy fighting and casualties, both forces linked up in January 1945. Stilwell's strategy remained unchanged: opening a new ground supply route from India to China would allow the Allies to equip and train new Chinese army divisions to be used against the Japanese. The new road network, later called the1119:

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533:. Stilwell often gave harsh critiques of performance in field exercises, and a subordinate, stung by the caustic remarks, drew a caricature of Stilwell rising out of a vinegar bottle. After discovering the caricature, Stilwell pinned it to a board and had the drawing photographed and distributed to friends. Yet another indication of his view of life was the motto he kept on his desk:2393:

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846:, to train Chinese troops which had retreated to Assam from Burma. Stilwell's decision to establish the center at Ramgarh met with opposition from several senior British commanders, including Wavell, primarily due to logistical reasons. Chinese soldiers at the center received medical care along with new weapons and uniforms and were trained how to operate artillery,753:

commander-in-chief. Chiang gave Stilwell technical overall command of some Chinese troops but worried that the new US-led forces would become yet another independent force outside of his control. Since 1942, members of his staff had continually objected to Chinese troops being used in Burma for what they viewed as returning the country to British colonial control.

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against the Japanese in North China... The Generalissimo regards these armies as the chief threat to his supremacy... has made no sincere attempt to arrange at least a truce with them for the duration of the war... No diplomatic genius could have overcome the Generalissimo's basic unwillingness to risk his armies in battle with the Japanese.

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to fly a more southerly route without fear of Japanese fighters. American airplanes no longer had to make the dangerous venture over the Hump, which raised the delivery of supplies from 18,000 tons in June 1944 to 39,000 tons in November 1944. On August 1, 1945, planes crossed the Hump a minute and twelve seconds apart from one another.

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any Marauder with a temperature lower than 103 degrees Fahrenheit. Some of the men who were passed and sent back into combat were immediately re-evacuated as unfit at the insistence of forward medical personnel. Later, Stilwell's staff placed blame on Army medical personnel for over-zealously interpreting his return-to-duty order.

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own power by using jungle trails, Stilwell found it difficult to sympathize with those who had been in combat in the jungle for months on end without relief. In retrospect, his statements then revealed a lack of understanding of the limitations of lightly equipped unconventional forces that were used in conventional roles.

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965:"Whatever the fiasco, aplomb is unbroken. Mistakes, failures, stupidities and other causes of disaster mysteriously vanish. Disasters are recorded with care and pride and become transmuted into things of beauty. Official histories record every move in monumental and infinite detail but the details serve to obscure."1366:, Roosevelt's special envoy in China, to delay in delivering the message and to work on a deal that would achieve Stilwell's aim in a way that was more acceptable to Chiang. Stilwell wrote in his diary about handing over Roosevelt's message: "I handed this bundle of paprika to the Peanut and than [1299:

General Stilwell in command of all forces in China, we are faced with the loss of a critical area... with possible catastrophic consequences." Roosevelt ended his ultimatum to Chiang by the threat to end all American aid unless Chiang "at once" placed Stilwell "in unrestricted command of all your forces."

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seen fit to heap upon them." Chiang delivered a speech before the Central Executive Committee of the Nationalist Party that was leaked to the press and called Roosevelt's letter a form of imperialism and stated that accepting Roosevelt's demands would make him no different from the Japanese collaborator

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in his honor, but because of the erosion of the bluffs over the decades, the building was taken down in 2003. Stilwell's former residence in Chongqing, a city along the Yangtze River to which Chiang's government retreated after it had been forced from Nanjing by Japanese troops, has been converted to

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argued that Stilwell never appreciated that his position as Chiang's chief of staff to Chiang did not give him as much authority as Marshall had in his position as army chief of staff. Chiang, not Stilwell, was the Chinese forces' commander-in chief, and Chiang resisted Stilwell's initiatives if they

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The decision to relieve General Stilwell represents the political triumph of a moribund, anti-democratic regime that is more concerned with maintaining its political supremacy than in driving the Japanese out of China. The Chinese Communists... have good armies that are now fighting guerrilla warfare

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recorded that Stilwell was a lifelong Republican: "he retained the family Republicanism and joined naturally in the exhilarating exercise of Roosevelt-hating." Later, on the occasion that Stilwell met the president, she noted: "At home, Stilwell was a conventional Republican who shared the sentiments

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In November, Stilwell was appointed to lead a "War Department Equipment Board" in an investigation of the Army's modernization in light of its recent experience. Among his recommendations was the establishment of a combined arms force to conduct extended service tests of new weapons and equipment and

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Chennault later claimed that Stilwell had deliberately ordered Sino-American forces out of Guilin as a way of creating a crisis that would force Chiang to give up command of his armies to Stilwell. Stilwell's diary supported Chennault's claim, as Stilwell wrote that if a crisis emerged that was "just

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was the largest Japanese offensive of World War II and was designed to "liquidate the China affair" by knocking China out of the war once and for all. It saw half a million men and 800 tanks, supplied by 70,000 to 100,000 horses dragging wagons and 12,000 to 15,000 vehicles, committed to an operation

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In the end, Stilwell's plans to train and to modernize 30 Chinese divisions in China and two or three divisions from forces that were already in India was never fully realized. As Chennault predicted, the supplies carried over the Ledo Road never approached in tonnage the levels of supplies airlifted

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Using those figures, Stilwell argued that the Ledo Road network would greatly surpass the tonnage being airlifted over the Hump. Chennault doubted that such an extended network of trails through difficult jungle could ever match the tonnage that could be delivered with modern cargo transport aircraft

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Stilwell believed that after forcing a supply route through northern Burma by a ground offensive against the Japanese, he could train and equip 30 Chinese divisions with modern combat equipment. A smaller number of Chinese forces would transfer to India, where two or three new Chinese divisions would

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During the siege, Japanese soldiers resisted fiercely and generally fought to the last man. As a result, Myitkyina did not fall until August 4, 1944, after Stilwell was forced to send in thousands of Chinese reinforcements, but Stilwell was pleased that the objective had at last been taken (his notes

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By then, the men of the Marauders had openly begun to suspect Stilwell's commitment to their welfare and made no effort to hide their displeasure with their hard-driving commander. Despite their sacrifices, Stilwell appeared unconcerned about their losses and had rejected repeated requests for medals

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had given priority to other theaters for US combat forces, equipment, and logistical support. The closure of the Burma Road and the fall of Burma made it extremely difficult even to replace Chinese war losses. This jeopardized the Allies' initial strategy, which was to maintain the Chinese resistance

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His diary entry for 1 September 1945 (in Yokohama) stated in part, "What a kick to stare at the arrogant, ugly, moon-faced, buck-toothed, bowlegged bastards, and realize where this puts them. Many newly demobilized soldiers around. Most police salute. People generally just apathetic. We gloated over

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Searching the offices, Wedemeyer could find no documentary record of Stilwell's plans or records of his former or future operations. General Wedemeyer then spoke with Stilwell's staff officers but learned little from them because Stilwell, according to the staff, kept everything in his "hip pocket".

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When Wedemeyer actually arrived at Stilwell's headquarters after the latter's dismissal, Wedemeyer was dismayed to discover that Stilwell had intentionally departed without seeing him and had not left a single briefing paper for his guidance. Most other departing US military commanders greeted their

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On 12 October 1944, Hurley reported to Washington that Stilwell was a "fine man, but was incapable of understanding or co-operating with Chiang Kai-shek" and went on to say that if Stilwell remained in command, all of China might be lost to the Japanese. Before sending his cable, Hurley showed it to

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Stilwell pressed Chiang and the British to take immediate actions to retake Burma, but Chiang demanded impossibly large amounts of supplies before he would agree to take offensive action, and the British refused to meet their previous pledges to provide naval and ground troops because of Churchill's

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Additionally, critical supplies intended for the CBI were being diverted to various crises in other combat theaters. Of the supplies that made it over the Hump, some were diverted by Chinese and American personnel to the black market for their personal enrichment. As a result, most Allied commanders

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Benjamin Stilwell and Mary A. Peene. Stilwell was an eighth-generation descendant of an English colonist who had arrived in America in 1638 and whose descendants remained in New York until the birth of Stilwell's father. Named for a family friend and the doctor who delivered him, Stilwell, known as

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on August 1, 1944, was recalled from his command by Roosevelt. Partly as a result of controversy concerning the casualties suffered by US forces in Burma and partly because of the continuing difficulties with the British and Chinese commanders, Stilwell's return to the US was not accompanied by the

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Stilwell appealed directly to Roosevelt for help with his dispute with Chiang and so Roosevelt sent Chiang a message: "I have urged time and again in recent months that you take drastic action to resist the disaster which has been moving closer to China and to you. Now, when you have not yet placed

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In his diary, Stilwell wrote: "What they ought to do is to shoot the G-mo and Ho and the rest of the gang." Stilwell ordered the American troops to pull out of Guilin and managed to persuade a reluctant Chiang to accept the loss of Guilin. The clash over Guilin was only a prelude to another clash

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When supplies were flowing over the Ledo Road in large quantities, operations in other theaters had shaped the course of the war against Japan. Stilwell's drive into northern Burma, however, allowed Air Transport Command to fly supplies into China more quickly and safely by allowing American planes

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Bereft of further combat replacements for his hard-pressed Marauder battalions, Stilwell felt that he had no choice but to continue offensive operations with his existing forces by using the Marauders as "the point of the spear" until they had achieved all their objectives or been wiped out. He was

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in preference to a sidearm. His hazardous march out of Burma and his bluntly honest assessment of the disaster captured the imagination of the American public: "I claim we got a hell of a beating. We got run out of Burma and it is humiliating as hell. I think we ought to find out what caused it, go

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Tuchman also noted Stilwell's use in letters and diaries of a catalogue of now-insulting words: "he used easily and seemingly without pejorative content." These terms included "limeys for the English, frogs for the French ('met a frog and his wife on shipboard'), huns and squareheads for Germans,

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Chiang called Roosevelt's letter the "greatest humiliation I have been subjected to in my life" and stated that it was "all too obvious that the United States intends to intervene in China's internal affairs." Chiang told Hurley that the Chinese people were "tired of the insults which Stilwell has

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in Burma, informed Stilwell that his men were exhausted and should be withdrawn, Stilwell rejected the idea by insisting that his subordinate commanders simply did not understand enlisted men and their tendency to magnify physical challenges. Having made his own "long march" out of Burma under his

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Stilwell also ordered that all Marauders evacuated from combat from wounds or fever first submit to a special medical "examination" by doctors appointed by his headquarters staff. These examinations passed many ailing soldiers as fit for duty; Stilwell's staff roamed hospital hallways in search of

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On May 17, the 1,310 remaining Marauders attacked Myitkyina airfield in concert with elements of two Chinese infantry regiments and a small artillery contingent. The airfield was quickly taken, but the town, which Stilwell's intelligence staff had believed to be lightly defended, was garrisoned by

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had rejected a plan by Stilwell to fly his Chinese troops to northern Burma, Field Marshal Archibald Wavell, asked whether Stilwell was satisfied on purely military grounds that the plan could not work. Stilwell replied that he was. Wavell then asked what Stilwell would say to Chiang, and Stilwell

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that Chinese troops had captured Mogaung but not referring to the British. The Chindits were outraged, and Calvert famously signaled to Stilwell's headquarters, "Chinese reported taking Mogaung. My Brigade now taking umbrage." Stilwell's son was an intelligence officer and said that Umbrage was so

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and apparently came to believe that the British in India were more concerned with protecting their colonial possessions than helping the Chinese fight the Japanese. In August 1943, as a result of constant feuding and conflicting objectives of British, American, and Chinese commands, along with the

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Chiang was also infuriated at Stilwell's strict control of US lend lease supplies to China. Instead of confronting Stilwell or communicating his concerns to Marshall and Roosevelt when they asked Chiang to assess Stilwell's leadership after the Allied disaster in Burma, Chiang reiterated his "full

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Stilwell left the defeated Chinese troops, and escaped Burma in 1942. Chiang had given him nominal command of these troops, though Chinese generals later admitted that they had considered Stilwell as an "adviser" and sometimes took orders directly from Chiang. Chiang was outraged by what he saw as

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From the outset, Stilwell's primary goals were the opening of a land route to China from northern Burma and India by means of a ground offensive in northern Burma to allow more supplies to be transported to China and to organize, equip, and train a reorganized and competent Chinese army that would

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In following Chennault's advice, Chiang rejected the proposal, and British commanders sided with Chennault since they were aware that they could not launch a co-ordinated Allied offensive into Burma in 1943 with the resources that were available. During the summer of 1943, Stilwell's headquarters

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The content in Stilwell’s diaries is contradicted by his speaking out for Japanese-American servicemen threatened with racist incidents postwar. Because of his statements, Stilwell was recruited by the War Department to support Japanese-American servicemen. He attended rallies against racism and

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The British and the Chinese were ill-equipped and more often than not on the receiving end of Japanese offensives. Chiang was interested in conserving his troops and Allied lend-lease supplies to be used against any sudden Japanese offensive and against Communist forces in a later civil war. His

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The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Lieutenant Colonel (Infantry) Joseph Warren Stilwell (ASN: 0-1912), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished

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took on even the most highly trained troops or the incapacity of lightly armed fast-moving jungle guerrilla forces to dislodge heavily armed regular infantry that was supported by artillery. Accordingly, Stilwell abused both Chindits and Marauders and earned the contempt of both units and their

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During his time in India, Stilwell became increasingly disenchanted with British forces and did not hesitate to voice criticisms of what he viewed as hesitant or cowardly behavior. Of the Chindit casualties, 90% were incurred in the last phase of the campaign from 17 May, while they were under

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and adopted the tone of the Roosevelt-haters, in which he was influenced by his brother John, an extremist of the species." Elsewhere she notes that in the view of an unnamed, close friend, "Stilwell was liberal and sympathetic by instinct. But he was conservative in thought and politics."

1295:, which was also being threatened by the Japanese advance. After meeting with Chiang, Stilwell wrote in his diary that Chiang was a "crazy little bastard with that hickory nut he uses for a head.... Usual co*ckeyed reasons and idiotic tactical and strategic conceptions. He is impossible!"4897:

Rana Mitter, "Forgotten Ally: China's World War II. 1937–1945" (Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013). Complete re-examination of the Chinese wars with Japan which argues that the memory of 'betrayals' by Britain, America, and Russia continues to influence China's worldview

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at Okinawa after the latter's death. During the last year of the war, however, the US was strained to meet all its military obligations. The cargo aircraft diverted to supply Stilwell, the 14th Air Force for the Chinese in the East made airdrop-dependent campaigns in the West, such as

760:'s proposals for the war against the Japanese to be continued largely using existing Chinese forces supported by air forces, which Chennault assured Chiang to be feasible. The dilemma forced Chennault and Stilwell into competition for the valuable lend-lease supplies arriving over the734:"third rate", while Stilwell wanted to go on the offensive to save Burma. The Japanese divisions there were proficient in both jungle and offroad warfare. They successfully outmaneuvred the road-bound British, coordinated with air support, and exploited local anticolonial sentiments.752:

The first step to fighting the war for Stilwell was the reformation of the Chinese Army. The reforms clashed with the delicate balance of political and military alliances in China, which kept Chiang in power. Reforming the army meant removing men who maintained Chiang's position as

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as yet another major force in China. Stilwell's mastery of written and spoken Chinese made him the default American choice for the China command. Mitter projected that his talents could have been far better employed in North Africa, as Marshall had originally planned.

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Stilwell was infuriated by the rampant corruption of Chiang's regime. Stilwell faithfully kept a diary in which he began to note the corruption and the amount of money ($ 380,584,000 in 1944 dollars) being wasted on the procrastinating Chiang and his government. The

1596:. He remarked: “Who after all is the real American? The real American is the man who calls it a fair exchange to lay down his life in order that American ideals may go on living. And judging by such a test, Sgt. Masuda was a better American than any of us today.”1658:. Stilwell bypassed Chiang, his theater commander, and had gotten Mao to agree to follow an American commander. Stilwell's confrontational approach in the power struggle with Chiang ultimately led to Chiang's determination to have Stilwell recalled to the US.1646:

with Japan, which would free many Japanese divisions to fight elsewhere, and that Roosevelt wanted to placate Chiang. The power struggle over the China Theater that emerged among Stilwell, Chennault, and Chiang reflected US political divisions of the time.

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Myitkyina and the dispute over evacuation policy precipitated a hurried Army Inspector General investigation, followed by US congressional committee hearings, but no disciplinary measure was taken against Stilwell for his decisions as overall commander.

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In other respects, however, Stilwell was a skilled tactician in the US Army's land warfare tradition, with a deep appreciation of the logistics required of campaigning in rough terrain, which caused his dedication to (perhaps even obsession with) the

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also be raised. That plan then remained only theoretical since the limited available airlift capacity for deliveries of supplies to China over the Hump was being used to sustain Chennault's air operations, instead of equipping Chinese ground units.

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Seeing that act as a move toward the complete subjugation of China, Chiang gave a formal reply in which he said that Stilwell must be replaced immediately and that Chiang would welcome any other qualified US general to fill Stilwell's position.

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pointed out that Stilwell's Chinese 5,500 troops had also failed in that task. By 14 July, Morris Force was down to three platoons. A week later, it had only 25 men fit for duty. Morris Force was evacuated about the same time as 77th Brigade.

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project for which he received several awards, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the US Army Distinguished Service Medal. The trust that Stilwell placed in men of real insight and character in understanding China, particularly the

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A different perspective on the same "regret" is given in the final chapter of Tuchman's book: it "represented for Stilwell, as for so many others, an inclination toward the Chinese Communists that was simply the obverse of disgust with the

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Stilwell's walkout separated him from the approximately 100,000 Chinese troops still there. 25 thousand of them would later perish during their retreat due to the harsh jungle conditions, poor logistics, and Japanese military operations.

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960:. "The limeys are welshing," he wrote in his diary and of the plan that seemed to him as nothing more than "fancy charts, false figures and dirty intentions". He sent Brigadier General Boatner to brief the Joint Staffs and Roosevelt.4559:

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Arguably, if Stilwell had been given the number of American regular infantry divisions that he had continually requested, the US experience in China and Burma could have been very different. Certainly, his Army peers, General

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viewed the Communists as benign and Stilwell as a victim of a corrupt regime. The ousting of Stilwell fermented the disillusionment of US policymakers with Chiang that culminated in the 1947 end of American assistance to the

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Andrew Roberts, "Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945" (New York: Harper Perennial. 2010). Presents a harsher picture of Stilwell in course of examining Churchill, Roosevelt, Brook, and

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also concerned that pulling out the Marauders, the only US ground unit in the campaign, would result in charges of favoritism and force him to evacuate the exhausted Chinese and British Chindit forces as well. When General

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wops for Italians, chinks or chinos for Chinese, googs for Filipinos, nigg*rs or coons for Negroes." At the end of the war, Tuchman stated that he took "a harsh pleasure in touring the gutted and burned-out districts of

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personally presented the family of 442nd Regimental Combat Team staff sergeant Kazuo Masuda, killed in action in Italy in 1944, with the Distinguished Service Cross. In an event at Santa Ana, CA also attended by actors

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sufficient to get rid of the Peanut without entirely wrecking the ship, it would be worth it." Stilwell went on to write that the entire Nationalist system had to be "torn to bits" and that Chiang would have to go.

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monthly into China by the Hump. In July 1945, 71,000 tons of supplies were flown over the Hump, compared to 6,000 tons using the Ledo Road, and the airlift operation continued in operation until the end of the war.

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which he referred to as "hell." At West Point, Stilwell showed an aptitude for languages such as French in which he ranked first in his class during his second year. In sports, Stilwell is credited with introducing

1676:

fighters. One of the disagreements was with the equally acerbic General Chennault, who Stilwell felt to overvalue the effectiveness of air power against massed ground troops, as was demonstrated by the fall of the

6028:

782:

After the collapse of the Allied defenses in Burma, which cut China off from all land and sea supply routes, Stilwell declined an airlift offer from General Chennault and led his staff of 117 out of Burma into

388:

Stilwell's admirers saw him as having been given inadequate resources and incompatible objectives. Critics viewed him as a hard-charging officer whose temperament and conduct towards Chiang contributed to the

5148:

5993:

829:

After the Japanese occupied Burma, China was almost completely cut off from Allied aid and materiel except through the hazardous route of flying cargo aircraft over the Hump. Early on, Roosevelt and the

6033:

5506:

1580:

During World War II, he praised the Soviet military and said that "the Russian troops appeared to advantage, and those who believe the Red Army is rotten would do well to reconsider their views."

606:, his superiors decided to reassign him. When it became necessary to send a senior officer to China to keep it in the war, Stilwell was selected, over his own personal objections, by US President5141:

1041:. On 8 July, at the insistence of Mountbatten, doctors examined the brigade. Of the 2200 men present from four-and-a-half battalions, only 119 were declared fit. The brigade was evacuated.854:

tanks. By the end of December 1942, 32,000 Chinese troops were being trained at the center to create the 22nd and 38th Divisions along with three artillery regiments and a tank battalion.

5650:

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1628:

771:

George Marshall's biennial report covering July 1, 1943, to June 30, 1945, acknowledged that he had given Stilwell "one of the most difficult" assignments of any theater commander.

567:. It was there that his leadership style which emphasized concern for the average soldier and minimized ceremonies and officious discipline, earned him the nickname of "Uncle Joe."703:

whose supreme commander was Mountbatten). During his tenure, there were hardly any American combat forces in the theater, and Stilwell commanded Chinese troops almost exclusively.

949:

lack of a coherent strategic vision for the China Burma India (CBI) theater, the Combined Chiefs of Staff split the CBI command into separate Chinese and Southeast Asia Theaters.

6048:

4883:

34.3 (November 2003): 243–259. Revisionist study argues that Stilwell misunderstood Chiang's military strategy, which was actually flexible and well founded in Chinese realities.

1142:

for individual acts of heroism. Initial promises of a rest and rotation were ignored, and the Marauders were not even air-dropped replacement uniforms or mail until late April.

444:

Despite missing the deadline to apply for congressional appointment to the military academy, Stilwell gained entry through the use of family connections, via which US President

6043:

5963:

5641:

1099:

Mountbatten. Taking command of various Chinese and Allied forces, including a new US Army special operations formation, the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), later known as

722:", an approach partially adopted by the British later in 1944. During the early stages of the conflict both the British and the Americans underestimated the Japanese. Captain5499:

1868:. The Soldiers' Club that he envisioned in 1940, when there was no such thing as a soldiers' club in the army, was completed in 1943 at Fort Ord on the bluffs overlooking1270:

Stilwell saw the rapid deterioration of the China front after Japan launched Operation Ichi-Go in 1944 as an opportunity to gain full command of all Chinese armed forces.

664:(CBI). In that position, Stilwell had three major roles: commander of all US forces in China, Burma, and India; deputy commander of the Burma-India Theater under Admiral6013:

5978:

1672:

Stilwell did not appreciate the developments in warfare brought about by World War II, including strategic air power and the use of highly trained infantrymen as jungle

3045:

1411:

replacement to have them thoroughly briefed on the strengths and the weaknesses of headquarters staff, the issues confronting the command, and the planned operations.

1632:, Tuchman wrote that Stilwell was sacrificed as a political expedient because of his inability to get along with his allies in the theater. Some historians, such as3764:

3049:

1762:

Although Chiang succeeded in removing Stilwell, the public relations damage suffered by the Nationalist regime was irreparable. Right before Stilwell's departure,

469:

football team. At West Point, he had two demerits for laughing during drill. Ultimately, Stilwell graduated with the class of 1904 and ranked 32nd out 124 cadets.

6008:

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2490:

5953:

5515:

1029:, after it rested, had orders to capture a hill known as Point 2171. That occurred, but the men were now utterly exhausted. Most of them were suffering from810:

In India, Stilwell soon became well-known for his no-nonsense demeanor and his disregard for military pomp and ceremony. His trademarks were a battered Army

746:

4188:

General Stilwell Pins D.S.C. on Sister of Nisei Hero in Ceremony at Masuda Ranch. (1945, December 15). The Citizen, p. 2. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from

1650:

A very different interpretation of events suggests that Stilwell, pressing for his full command of all Chinese forces, had made diplomatic inroads with the

6038:

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1988:

1534:

1205:

concentrated on plans to rebuild the Chinese Army for an offensive in northern Burma despite Chiang's insistence on support to Chennault's air operations.

276:

254:

5998:

1181:

Only a week after the fall of Myitkyina in Burma, the 5307th Marauder force, down to only 130 combat-effective men of the original 2,997, was disbanded.

1247:

that were then being deployed in the theater. Progress on the Ledo Road was slow and could not be completed until the linkup of forces in January 1945.

551:

Between the wars, Stilwell served three tours in China, where he mastered spoken and written Chinese and was the military attaché at the US legation in

937:'s Communists after the end of the war against the Japanese. From 1942 to 1944, however, 98% of US military aid over the Hump had gone directly to the4388:

4278:

2058:

1593:

2936:

https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Stilwell_and_the_Chindits/vTgRBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=joseph+stilwell+ramgarh&printsec=frontcover

1864:

A number of streets, buildings, and areas across the country have been named for Stilwell over the years, including Joseph Stilwell Middle School in

6053:

6018:

2153:

741:, the main British force left two brigades on the wrong side after prematurely blowing up the bridge. During an ambush against incoming Japanese at3381:

6023:

517:

280:

2168:(General Stilwell is one of five general officers who have been awarded the honorary CIB for service while a general officer, along with General1400:

usual ceremony. Upon arrival, he was met by two army generals at the airport, who told him not to answer any of the media questions about China.

5164:

1052:

was known as Morris Force, after its commander, Lieutenant-Colonel "Jumbo" Morris. It had spent several months harassing Japanese traffic from

787:, India, on foot. They marched at what his men called the "Stilwell stride" of 105 paces per minute. Two of the men accompanying him, his aide1279:, a city that was besieged by the Japanese. Chiang wanted Guilin defended to the last man, but Stilwell claimed that Guilin was a lost cause.903:

confidence and trust" in Stilwell but countermanded some of the orders to Chinese units issued by Stilwell in his capacity as Chief of Staff.

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560:

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1665:, Stilwell had once expressed his regret of never having the opportunity to fight alongside the Chinese Communists, especially with General691:" and did not report to an overall American commander. The China Theater came under the operational command of Chiang, the commander of the6003:

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3322:

3258:

929:

Eventually, Stilwell began to complain openly to Roosevelt that Chiang was hoarding U.S. Lend-Lease supplies because he wanted to keep the

737:

The situation was not helped by multiple incidents of miscommunication and insubordination. In February 1942, while retreating across the

3727:

4489:

1231:

as the primary supply route to China. Stilwell's staff planners had estimated the route would supply 65,000 tons of supplies per month.

180:

4364:

cf. Tuchman, p. 489, on the strain the beefed up air transport in support of Chennault's 14th Air Force placed on operations in Europe.

4254:

2748:

1095:

With the establishment of the new South East Asia Command in August 1943, Stilwell was appointed deputy supreme allied commander under

4719:

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2443:

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to Myitkyina. It had then attempted to complete the encirclement of Myitkyina. Stilwell was angered that it was unable to do so, but

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units. His most notable recommendation was for a vast improvement of the army's defenses against all airborne threats, including

1170:

5019:

4089:

1521:

on October 12, 1946, at the Presidio of San Francisco. He was still on active duty and five months short of reaching the army's

2149:

1166:

1057:

158:

1573:

and staring at the once arrogant now living in shanties of scrap lumber and tin and scratching in the dirt to plant onions."

2080:

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1941:

1929:

684:

334:

5882:

4189:

1861:-style house remains a private residence. A commemorative stone plaque has been placed on the left-hand side of the house.1824:, which became a stumbling block to smooth co-operation between American and British forces in Asia. The British historian991:

Stilwell's direct command. The British viewed the situation quite differently and pointed out that from 6 June to 27 June,

952:

Stilwell countered Mountbatten's January 1944 attempt to once again change the plans to favor an amphibious assault in the

472:

In 1910, he married Winifred Alison Smith (1889–1972). They were the parents of five children, including Brigadier General

2364:

1909:

1854:

1026:

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1111:

and the Marauders to start long-range jungle penetration missions behind Japanese lines after the pattern of the British

2205:

2047:

996:

578:, Stilwell had been recognized as the Army's top corps commander, and he was initially selected to plan and command the188:

217:

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4232:

2458:

1858:

1198:

930:

692:

1759:, woefully short of aircraft, although bad weather during the Arnhem Campaign may have been a more important factor.1651:

718:

The Allied forces were beset by a difference in strategies. Chiang, having fought against Japan since 1937, favored "

4846:(Washington: Department of the Army, Historical Division, 1956). Official Army history with extensive documentation.1994:

5874:

4879:

Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War,"

2095:

1817:

1747:

1418:

Despite prompting by the news media, Stilwell never complained about his treatment by either Washington or Chiang.

708:

535:

473:

31:

899:, his best army, without orders and began to question Stilwell's capability and judgment as a military commander.5532:

5036:

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2036:

1970:

1490:

1096:

826:

forces, which was often repeated by Stilwell's staff, did not sit well with British and Commonwealth commanders.

661:

625:

346:

322:

176:

172:

99:

5354:

5210:

4958:, Stilwell's executive assistant in Burma (as of 1944) and son-in-law, are online, with the originals among the4521:

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2133:

2106:

1962:

1959:

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1442:

497:

244:

200:

196:

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1789:, saw the Communist forces as a democratic movement. After Atkinson visited Mao, his article on his visit was1149:

During the siege, which took place during the height of the monsoon season, the Marauders' second-in-command,

417:

Stilwell's rebellious attitude led him to a record of unruly behavior once he reached a postgraduate level at

361:

advocate that Stilwell had to be replaced. Chiang had been intent on keeping Lend-Lease supplies to fight the

5434:

4175:

Niiya, Brian. Kazuo Masuda. (2018, January 11). Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:18, November 21, 2022 from

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633:

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318:

204:

138:

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2064:

1849:

The General Joseph Stilwell House was built between 1933 and 1934, located at 26218 Inspiration Avenue, in

774:

5839:

5831:

5588:

5046:

5029:

2468:

2145:

1948:

1731:

1705:

1479:

1150:

1100:

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712:

599:

513:

338:

227:

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4988:

4144:

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2120:

745:, only the Chinese 5th Army stayed in position. The British pulled back, fearing encirclement, while the357:

aid to China would be cut off. The resulting friction atop an already tense relationship made Ambassador

5807:

5564:

5556:

3378:

2284:

2269:

2250:

2042:

1865:

1494:

1438:

1242:, map of Ledo Road (later renamed Stilwell Road) approved by the US Forces India Burma theater engineer.1189:

One of the most significant conflicts to emerge during the war was between General Stilwell and General

1135:

688:

530:

462:

184:

5250:

5898:

5748:

5620:

4143:

Stilwell diaries at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Transcribed Diary for 1945,

2090:

1482:, dispatched in accordance with electronically computed data obtained from radar detection stations."5948:

5943:

5866:

5858:

5298:

5056:

1808:

Pictures of Stilwell in the Coal Heritage Park & Museum, Margherita, Assam, located not far from

1727:

1678:

1589:

1522:

757:

564:

421:. Prior to his last year, Stilwell had performed meticulously in his classes and had participated in5266:

4890:(London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Expands revisionist view including longer period of time.3125:

Jay Taylor, Stilwell's The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, pp. 271

3089:

Wesley Marvin Bagby, The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II, p.96

2053:

2031:

1820:

quoted Stilwell's disparaging remarks about the British war effort in Asia to illustrate his strong

5756:

5740:

5628:

5234:

2254:

2235:

2184:. Generals are not allowed to be awarded the CIB. The CIB is only available to colonels and below.)2113:

1530:

1404:

434:

418:

337:, his implacable demands for units debilitated by disease to be sent into heavy combat resulted in3497:

529:

Stilwell is often remembered by his sobriquet, "Vinegar Joe," which he acquired as a commander at

5799:

5780:

5580:

5242:

5115:

4788:, London: Michael Joseph, 1961. First-hand account of the fighting in Burma by a Chindit officer.4383:

3152:

3039:

2957:

The Flying Tiger: The True Story of General Claire Chennault and the U.S. 14th Air Force in China

2720:

1955:

1764:

1561:

1506:

1458:

1427:

1090:

839:

727:

607:

603:

315:

192:

120:

4693:

3617:

3531:

3326:

3262:

2603:

2565:

2128:

788:

5290:

1457:, the largest Japanese home island. The Tenth Army was disbanded on 15 October 1945, after the672:, the commander of all Nationalist Chinese forces as well as commander of the Chinese Theater.5707:

5675:

5612:

5596:

5073:

4983:

4869:

4854:

4816:

4796:

4771:

4750:

4733:

4715:

4469:

4444:

4422:

4414:

4311:

4045:

4037:

4016:

4008:

3984:

3976:

3878:

3731:

3695:

3687:

3650:

3642:

3587:

3478:

3470:

3444:

3436:

3403:

3218:

3180:

3144:

2968:

2960:

2919:

2911:

2706:

2681:

2201:

2181:

2025:

1937:

1895:

1798:

1739:

1546:

1475:

1471:

1450:

1446:

1363:

1271:

1239:

1213:

1131:

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831:

815:

680:

676:

665:

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422:

411:

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358:

289:

261:

234:

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803:(1943) respectively. The Assam route was used by other retreating Allied and Chinese forces.5823:

4930:

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2745:

2671:

2435:

2220:

2003:

1918:

1890:

1662:

1633:

1538:

1190:

907:

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591:

445:

402:

82:

2101:

1234:

906:

An outraged Stilwell began to call Chiang "the little dummy" or "Peanut" in his reports to

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2014:

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1118:

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814:, GI shoes, and a plain service uniform with no insignia of rank. He frequently carried a669:

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438:

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https://pacificcitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/archives-menu/Vol.021_%2324_Dec_15_1945.pdf

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Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses Who Led the West to Victory in World War II

4936:

4411:

The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq

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1003:

and suffered 800 casualties (50%) among those of the brigade involved in the operation.

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4924:

2009:

1837:

1804:

1709:

1643:

1518:

1219:

In co-ordination with a southern offensive by Nationalist Chinese forces under General

938:

896:

887:

738:

695:, and the Burma India Theater came under the operational command of the British (first675:

The CBI was a geographical administrative command on the same level as the commands of

341:

becoming disenchanted with him. The U.S. government was infuriated by the 1944 fall of

249:

145:

4955:

4941:

4061:

3762:

http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1991/March%201991/0391hump.aspx

2160:

1493:. It had been reorganized as an administrative command in charge of army units in the707:

wariness increased after he had observed the disastrous Allied performance during the

504:

Stilwell later taught at West Point and attended the Infantry Advanced Course and the

17:

5937:

5691:

5378:

4827:

2789:

2677:

2084:

1904:

1873:

1746:

had the highest respect for his abilities, and both ensured that he replaced General

1616:

1585:

1498:

1486:

1434:

and oversaw all mobilization and training of army ground units in the United States.

1194:

1108:

953:

723:

715:

felt that it was time for the Allies to assume a greater burden in fighting the war.

660:

In February 1942 Stilwell was promoted to lieutenant general and was assigned to the

653:

618:

390:

300:

4671:

Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army. 1945. pg. 893.

1392:

Stilwell, who accused Hurley to his face of "cutting my throat with a dull knife."

1275:

that overran huge areas of China. Stilwell clashed with Chiang over the question of

1126:

In April 1944, Stilwell launched his final offensive to capture the Burmese city of

648:

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5699:

5346:

5330:

5282:

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4781:

2177:

1914:

1869:

1850:

1842:

1830:

1794:

1697:

1431:

1426:

After a three-month furlough, Stilwell, on 24 January 1945, assumed command of the

1381:

1362:

An exultant Stilwell immediately delivered the letter to Chiang despite pleas from

1069:

1042:

1038:

923:

863:

811:

575:

571:

466:

326:

239:

1045:

kept the fit men, sarcastically named "111 Company," in the field until 1 August.

4965:

4301:

4176:

3712:

1525:

age of 64. He was cremated, his ashes were scattered on the Pacific Ocean, and a

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4742:

4683:

1923:

1825:

1821:

1809:

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822:

Stilwell's derogatory remarks castigating the ineffectiveness of what he termed

792:

587:

509:

481:

426:

222:

4103:

3034:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p.318.365:, but Stilwell had been obeying his instructions to get the Communists and the5540:

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2425:

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366:

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4768:

Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–45

4648:

2392:

2377:

2358:

2343:

2331:

2319:

2307:

2301:(reverted to permanent rank due to post-World War I reduction of the Army.)2293:

2278:

2263:

2244:

2229:

2214:

1900:

1773:

1718:

1673:

1609:

1604:

1502:

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1224:

1127:

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1034:

1015:

851:

761:

696:

540:

406:

4913:

4224:

3395:

3393:

1983:

1786:

1608:

A bust of Stilwell at the "Former Residence of General Stilwell" Museum in

4441:

Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945

3148:

329:. Stilwell was made the Chief of Staff of the Chinese Nationalist Leader,5108:

2590:

1701:

1686:

1570:

1526:

1112:

867:

765:

742:

342:

3999:

3997:

3156:

2486:

711:. After fighting and resisting the Japanese for five years, many in the54:

4956:

Transcribed copies of the World War II diaries of Ernest F. Easterbrook

4908:

3136:

2463:

1642:, have theorized that Roosevelt was concerned that Chiang would sign a1385:

1288:

1284:

1030:

1000:

957:

843:

552:

4918:

4145:

http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/1945Stilwell.pdf

3875:"The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China"1470:

then formulate doctrine for its use, and the abolition of specialized

555:

from 1935 to 1939. In 1939 and 1940 he was assistant commander of the

3684:

War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949

3379:

http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/marauders/marauders-third.html

1947:

The award for the Outstanding Overall Cadet, Senior Division, in the

1690:

1666:

1454:

1276:

449:

4703:

Fred Eldridge, 'Wrath in Burma The Uncensored Story of Gen. Stilwell

3614:"Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations in Northern Burma in 1944"3528:"Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations in Northern Burma in 1944"3259:"Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations in Northern Burma in 1944"520:

for his service in France, the medal's citation reading as follows:

512:, he was the Fourth Corps intelligence officer and helped plan the5666:

4468:(1st U.S.ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.3605:

Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations In Northern Burma In 1944

3520:

Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations In Northern Burma In 1944

3252:

Merrill's Marauders: Combined Operations In Northern Burma In 1944

1836:

1603:

1117:

1068:, Jr., a US Army Marauder officer, and Chindit Brigade Commanders1053:

1006:

Stilwell infuriated Calvert and the British by announcing via the

784:

491:

453:

349:. Stilwell delivered a message to the Chinese Nationalist leader,4826:

4690:, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1943. Sympathetic eyewitness account.5731:

4820:

4712:

Stalin's Secret Agents: The Subversion of Roosevelt's Government

1693:, etc.) during the Japanese offensive in eastern China in 1944.5488:

5137:

4520:. Fort Ord Alumni Association. October 27, 2010. Archived from3498:

http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm

3427:

3425:

3375:

Merrill's Marauders February–May 1944, Third Mission: Myitkyina

2703:

China 1945: Mao's revolution and America's fateful choice

1134:, which erupted shortly after the Marauders linked up with the1081:

replied, "I shall tell him the bloody British wouldn't fight."

3461:

3459:

3457:

3312:

3310:

3308:

2908:

For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945

1812:, the starting point of Ledo Road (also called Stilwell Road).1368:

1007:

632:

supplies going to China, and later became deputy commander of

5989:

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

3837:

Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Command Problem, p.446-447

3960: